Class and instance variables in Python 2.7

The differences and interactions between class variables and instance variables are well described in the Python 2.x documentation, but they can be slightly subtle in some cases and I recently spent quite some time troubleshooting an issue even though I should have known better.

To put it simply, class variables are defined outside of any method of the class, normally right below the doc string.  Class variables can be referenced directly from the class, and this can be used as one way to make an enumerated constant, or they can be referenced from any instance in the class.  Instance variables are defined inside a method, normally __new__ or __init__, and they are local to that instance.

For a simple, contrived example:

class TestClass(object):
    c = 299792458  #this is a class variable

    def __init__(self):
        self.e = 2.71 #instance variable

    def phiFunc(self):
        self.phi = 1.618 #will become an instance variable after phiFunc is called
        x=224 #this is a method variable and can't be accessed outside this method

assert TestClass.c == 299792458
try:
    print TestClass.e #Not defined
except AttributeError:
    pass

testInst = TestClass()
assert testInst.c == 299792458 #instance gets c, currently a ref to the class var
assert testInst.e == 2.71 #got e because of __init__
try:
    print testInst.phi #error since not defined yet
except AttributeError:
    pass

testInst.phiFunc()
assert testInst.phi == 1.618 #now its here
try:
    testInst.x #still undefined
except AttributeError:
    pass

Class variables can be useful for constants that will need to be used by all instances of the class, or that are meant to be accessed directly from the class.  They can also be used to set defaults for instance variables.  But there it is important to remember that if the value of a class variable is changed, then all instances that call to the class variable will reflect that change.  So, to carry on with our contrived TestClass:

TestClass.c = 1
assert testInst.c == 1 #Referring back to the class, so it changed too.

But when an instance has an attribute of the same name as an instance that essentially hides the class attribute. And assigning a value to an attribute of an instance will assign it just to that instance attribute, even if it needs to create it to do it. So:

class testClass2 (object):
    sqrttwo = 1.41
    sqrrtthree = 1.73

    def __init__(self):
        self.sqrttwo = 1

assert testClass2.sqrttwo == 1.41 #access class variable

testInst2 = testClass2()
assert testInst2.sqrttwo == 1 #the instance variable hides the class variable

testInst2.sqrrtthree = 2 #assigning creates an instance attribute
assert testClass2.sqrrtthree == 1.73 #So the value in the class is unchanged

This can get complicated when the class variable is a mutable type, like a list.  Python handles assignment by reference, rather than by making a copy.  For instance:

class classWList(object):
    defaultList = [1,]

    def __init__(self):
        self.instList = self.defaultList

instance = classWList()
assert instance.instList == [1,] #same as defaultList
instance.instList.append(2)
assert classWList.defaultList == [1, 2] #the class variable also has 2 now.
assert id(classWList.defaultList) == id(instance.instList) #they point to the same memory address

Of course, that could be handled by explicitly making a copy instead of a simple assignment.

In short, both class variables and instance variables are useful, but there can be some subtleties to the way they interact that need to be remembered when working with them.